Daim kab xevtus nqi ntwsthiabsiab poobyog ob tug lej txiav txim seb koj puas yogdrip irrigation systemmuab cov dej sib xws los yog tawm cov pob qhuav ntawm tus Tsov tus tw kawg. Thaum koj tab tom ntsuas qhov system, koj yuav tsum paub meej npaum li cas cov dej txhua tus emitter xa tawm thiab ntau npaum li cas koj poob thaum khiav.
Vim li cas Koj Drip Daim Kab Xev Flow Calculation Tej zaum Tsis Yog?
Peb qhov yuam kev tshwm sim ib zaug ntxiv hauv drip daim kab xev hydraulic tsim:
1. Siv Hazen-Williams sib npaug nrog C=150.Qhov coefficient yog calibrated rau nruj PVC mains.Nyias-walled drip tapenrog nruam labyrinth flow paths muaj qhov ntsuas qhov sib txhuam ntau dua. Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauvDej(MDPI) tau sim ob lub lag luam nyias nyias -cov ntaub thaiv phab ntsa thiab pom tias Blasius coefficient yuav tsum yogib=0.3225 rau 0.3442, tsis yog tus qauv 0.3164 siv rau cov yeeb nkab du. Kev siv phau ntawv tus nqi qis dua kev sib txhuam poob txog li 8%.
2. Tsis quav ntsej txog qhov txo qis ntawm Christiansen.Ib daim kab xev drip lateral muaj kaum ob lossis pua pua qhov chaw tawm. Dej tawm hauv cov yeeb nkab ntawm txhua qhov emitter, yog li tus nqi ntws qis raws qhov ntev. Yog tias koj xam qhov kev sib txhuam tsis zoo li yog tias tag nrho cov dej ntws tawm mus rau tag nrho ntev, koj yuav overestimate los ntawm ib qho ntawm 2-3. Christiansen F-factor kho qhov no.
3. Siv nominal txaus tus nqi yam tsis muaj accounting rau siab variation.Drip daim kab xev emitters (tsis yog- siab- hom kev them nyiaj) ua raws q=k × H^x. A 1.38 L / h emitter ntsuas ntawm 10 m lub taub hau tsuas yog xa tawm txog 1.07 L / h ntawm 6 m taub hau - 22% poob. Qhov "rated" ntws tsuas yog siv rau ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb siab.
Ⅰ. Yuav ua li cas xam Drip Daim kab xev Emitter Flow Rate ntawm Txhua Qhov Siab?
Tsis yog -siab-compensating drip tape emitters ua raws li qhov sib npaug emitter tso tawm:q = k × H^x
| Cim | Lub ntsiab lus | Chav tsev |
| q | Emitter flow rate | L/h |
| k | Kev coefficient (txiav txim siab los ntawm emitter geometry) | - |
| H | Ua haujlwm siab lub taub hau | m dej |
| x | Emitter exponent (Flow regime indicator) | - |
Tus exponentxqhia rau koj paub tias qhov dej ntws zoo li cas rau kev hloov siab:
| x nqi | Flow regime | Nws txhais li cas |
| 0.0–0.2 | Siab -paub | Dej NW nyuam qhuav hloov nrog siab |
| 0.4–0.6 | Turbulent (feem ntau drip tapes) | Flow hloov roughly li √H |
| 0.7–1.0 | Laminar los yog ntev -path | Flow yog siab heev -sensitive |
Feem ntau flat-emitter thiablabyrinth drip tapespoob rau hauv turbulent ntau nrogx ≈ 0.47–0.57. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm 6 lub lag luam drip tapes pom qhov nruab nrab x ntawm 0.486.Rau kev kwv yees thaum cov chaw tsim khoom k thiab x qhov tseem ceeb tsis tau luam tawm,x = 0.5yog ib tug tsim nyog lub sij hawm rau turbulent - ntws drip daim kab xev emitters, thiab k tuaj yeem rov qab tau - xam los ntawm nominal flow rate ntawm qhov ntsuas siab.
Piv txwv ua haujlwm 1: Npaum Npaum Npaum Li Cas Thaum Lub Siab Tsawg?
Muab:
tiaj tus emitter drip daim kab xev, nominal txaus tus nqi: 1.38 L / h ntawm 0.1 MPa (≈10.2 m taub hau)
Assumed x=0.5 (turbulent emitter)
Kauj ruam 1 Rov qab- xam k:
k = q / H^x = 1.38 / 10.2^0.5 = 1.38 / 3.194 = 0.432
Kauj Ruam 2 Xam cov dej ntws ntawm 0.06 MPa (≈6.1 m taub hau):
q = 0.432 × 6.1^0.5 = 0.432 × 2.470 = 1.07 L/h
Qhov ntawd yog ib22% pooblos ntawm qhov ntsuas 1.38 L / h - tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm 60% ntawm qhov ntsuas siab.
Dab tsi Flow Rate Koj Yuav Tau Txais Ntawm Cov Siab Sib Txawv?
Siv tib lub nraub qaum- txoj kev xam (x=0.5) rau cov emitter drip tape specifications:
|
Nominal Flow @ 10 m fej |
k (kwv yees) | 4 m fej | 6 m fej | 8 m fej | 10 m fej | 12 m ej | 1 5m ej |
| 0.8 L/h | 0.253 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.98 |
| 1.1 L/h | 0.348 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 1.35 |
| 1.38 L/h | 0.436 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 1.23 | 1.38 | 1.51 | 1.69 |
| 2.0 L/h | 0.632 | 1.26 | 1.55 | 1.79 | 2.00 | 2.19 | 2.45 |
| 3.0 L/h | 0.949 | 1.90 | 2.32 | 2.68 | 3.00 | 3.29 | 3.67 |
Nco tseg: k tus nqi yog kwv yees los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb nominal piv txwv li x=0.5. Qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb yuav txawv ntawm ± 5–10% nyob ntawm emitter geometry. Thaum muaj, ib txwm siv cov chaw tsim khoom- luam tawm k thiab x coefficients.
Ⅱ. Yuav ua li cas xam Friction Poob hauv Drip Tape Laterals?
Darcy-Kev sib npaug Weisbach yog tus qauv rau kev suav kev sib txhuam taub hau hauv cov kav dej:hf=f × (L/D) × (v²/2g)
| Cim | Lub ntsiab lus | Chav tsev |
| hf ua | Kev txhuam taub hau poob | m |
| f | Darcy-Weisbach kev sib txhuam yam | tsis dimension |
| L | Cov yeeb nkab ntev | m |
| D | Sab hauv txoj kab uas hla | m |
| v | Flow ceev | m/s |
| g | Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus acceleration (9.81) | m/s² |
⒈ Friction Factor for Nyias -Walled Drip Tape
Rau cov turbulent flow nyob rau hauv me me - txoj kab uas hla cov kav dej yas (4,000 < Re < 100,000), qhov kev sib txhuam yog xam nrog Blasius - hom kab zauv:f=a / Re^0.25
qhov twg Re=vD/υ (Reynolds tooj), thiab υ=kinematic viscosity ntawm dej (1.01 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s ntawm 20℃).
Lub coefficient a nyob ntawm cov yeeb nkab hom:
| Hom yeeb nkab / kab xev | tus nqi | Qhov chaw |
| Standard du rigid yeeb nkab | 0.3164 | Blasius (Original) |
| Me - PE yeeb nkab (12-25mm) | 0.300–0.302 | Bagarello et al.; Frizzone et al. |
| Turbo Daim kab xev (nruam labyrinth) | 0.3442 | Reti et al. |
| Silver Drip Daim kab xev (nruam labyrinth) | 0.3225 | Reti et al. |
| Flat-emitter drip tape (kwv yees) | 0.32–0.34 | Engineering kwv yees |
Lub nruam labyrinth welded nyob rau hauv nyias-walled drip daim kab xev tsub kom kev sib txhuam tshaj li qhov du - yeeb nkab qauv kwv yees. Siv ib tug=0.33 raws li ib tug conservative nruab nrab nqi rau pav ca - emitter drip daim kab xev yog pom zoo thaum cov ntaub ntawv xeem tshwj xeeb tsis muaj.
⒉ Christiansen F-Qhov Tseem Ceeb rau Ntau Qhov Chaw
Ib daim kab xev drip lateral tsis yog ib qho yeeb nkab, nws muaj qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw uas los ntshav tawm raws qhov ntev. Christiansen txo qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov no:hf_actual=F × hf_full_flow.Rau txhua sab nrog ntau dua ~ 20 emitters, F ≈ 0.35 yog tus nqi nyab xeeb.
| Number of Outlets (N) | F |
| 1 | 0.500 |
| 5 | 0.381 |
| 10 | 0.364 |
| 20 | 0.352 |
| 50 | 0.350 |
| 100+ | 0.350 |
Ua hauj lwm piv txwv 2: Tag nrho Friction Loss xam
Muab:
16mm flat emitter drip daim kab xev
Phab ntsa thickness: 0.2mm; kwv yees sab hauv txoj kab uas hla: 15.6mm (0.0156 m)
Emitter flow rate: 1.38 L / h ntawm 10m taub hau
Emitter nrug: 30cm (0.3m)
Lateral ntev: 150m
Inlet siab: 0.1 MPa (10.2 m taub hau)
Terrain: tiaj tus (0% txoj kab nqes)
Dej kub: 20 degree
Kauj Ruam 1: Tag nrho cov emitters:
N = 150 / 0.3 = 500 tawm
Kauj Ruam 2: Tag nrho lateral flow rate (xav tias tag nrho cov emitters ntawm rated flow):
Q_tag nrho=500 × 1.38=690 L/h =0.000192 m³/s
Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, txaus tus nqi txo nyob rau hauv lub lateral raws li lub siab poob. Kev siv cov inlet flow rate yog kev saib xyuas thiab kev coj ua rau kev tsim thawj zaug.
Kauj ruam 3: Flow ceev ntawm inlet:
v = 4Q / (πD²) = 4 × 0.000192 / (π × 0.0156²) = 1.00 m/s
Kauj Ruam 4: Reynolds tus lej:
Re=vD/υ=1.00 × 0.0156 / (1.01 × 10⁻⁶) =15,446
Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv qhov turbulent ntau yam (4,000 < Re < 100,000), yog li qhov hloov kho Blasius sib npaug siv.
Kauj ruam 5: Kev sib txhuam yam (a=0.33 rau tiaj tus- emitter daim kab xev):
f = 0.33 / 15446^0.25 = 0.33 / 11.16 = 0.0296
Kauj Ruam 6: Tag nrho - ntws kev sib txhuam poob (tsis muaj qhov hluav taws xob kho):
hf_raw=0.0296 × (150 / 0.0156) × (1.00² / 19.62)=0.0296 × 9615 × 0.0510 =14.50 m
Kauj ruam 7: Thov Christiansen F-factor (N=500, F=0.35):
hf_actual=0.35 × 14.50 =5.08 m ≈ 0.050 MPa
Kauj Ruam 8: Siab ntawm tus Tsov tus tw kawg:
P_tail=10.2 - 5.08 =5.12 m ≈ 0.050 MPa
Kev txiav txim:Tus Tsov tus tw - kawg siab ntawm 0.050 MPa yog txoj cai ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus pom zoo ua haujlwm siab rau lub tiaj emitter drip daim kab xev (0.05 MPa) [3]. Ntawm 150m, qhov lateral no yog ntawm nws qhov kev txwv. Ib qho kev poob ntxiv los ntawm fittings, lim, lossis nce siab yuav thawb tus Tsov tus tw hauv qab spec.
Dab tsi hloov ntawm 120m?Khiav tib lub xam rau 120m:
- N = 400, Q = 0.000154 m³/s
- hf_actual =3.25 m(0.032 MPa)
- P_tail=10.2 - 3.25=6.95 m (0.068 MPa) → zoo paj
Ⅲ. Thaum twg siv Hazen-Williams rau Drip Tape Friction Poob?
Hazen-Williams kab zauv yog yooj yim dua thiab dav siv hauv kev tsim dej:hf=10.67 × L × Q^1.852 / (C^1.852 × D^4.87)
| Cim | Lub ntsiab lus | Chav tsev |
| hf ua | poob taub hau | m |
| L | Cov kav dej ntev | m |
| Q | Tus nqi ntws | L/s |
| C | Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient | tsis dimension |
| D | Sab hauv txoj kab uas hla | m |
Rau polyethylene drip daim kab xev, C qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntawm 130 mus rau 150. UF/IFAS Extension siv C=130 rau ¾-inch poly lateral kab hauv drip irrigation xam.
Darcy-Weisbach vs. Hazen-Williams: Cov qauv kev sib txhuam qhov twg yog qhov tseeb dua rau daim kab xev?
Siv tib yam tsis xws li Piv txwv 2 (16mm daim kab xev, 1.38 L / h, 30cm qhov sib txawv, 150m, inlet flow 0.192 L / s, D=0.0156 m):
| Txoj kev | hf (m) | Tail siab (MPa) | Amtdle tdenthouse |
| Darcy-Weisbach (ib=0.33) | 5.08 | 0.050 | Lub hauv paus |
| Hazen-Williams (C=150) | 4.35 | 0.057 | − 14.4% (tsis muaj kwv yees) |
| Hazen-Williams (C=140) | 4.80 | 0.053 | −5.5% |
| Hazen-Williams (C=130) | 5.36 | 0.047 | +5.5% (overestimates) |
Takeaway:Hazen-Williams nrog C=140–145 kwv yees qhov Darcy-Weisbach tshwm sim hauv ± 5% rau qhov xwm txheej no. C=150 yog qhov zoo heev. C=130 muab ib qho kev kwv yees. Rau qhov tsim kawg, ib txwm txheeb xyuas nrog Darcy-Weisbach siv Blasius coefficient hloov kho.
Ⅳ. Ntev npaum li cas koj tuaj yeem khiav daim kab xev Drip Lateral?
Qhov tseem ceeb tsim txwv rau drip tape laterals yogflow variation- qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab qis tshaj emitter ntws tus nqi ntawm ib sab yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 10% (raws li ISO thiab Suav teb chaws tus qauv GB/T 50485).
- Rau turbulent emitters nrog x ≈ 0.5, 10% flow variation sib haum mus rau kwv yees li 20% kev hloov pauv siab (txij li Δq / q ≈ x × ΔH / H). Qhov no txhais tau tias:Tso cai hloov pauv siab=± 10% ntawm inlet taub hau
- Rau ib sab ntawm lub tiaj tiaj, tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv siab los ntawm kev sib txhuam poob, yog li:hf_allowable ≈ 0.20 × H_inlet
Dab tsi yog qhov siab tshaj plaws Drip Daim kab xev khiav ntev los ntawm Flow Rate thiab Spacing?
Cov lus hauv qab no qhia tau hais tias kwv yees qhov ntev tshaj plaws khiav rau lub tiaj tus emitter drip daim kab xev ntawm lub tiaj tiaj, piv txwv li 10% kev hloov pauv (20% kev hloov pauv siab) thiab lub siab nkag ntawm 10m lub taub hau. Xam siv Darcy-Weisbach nrog ib tug=0.33 thiab Christiansen F=0.35.
16mm daim kab xev (kwv yees ID: 15.6mm):
| Emitter Flow | Sib nrug | Max khiav Length | No. ntawm Emitters |
| 0.8 L/h | 20 cm | 254m | 1270 |
| 0.8 L/h | 30 cm | 327m | 1090 |
| 1.38 L/h | 20 cm | 135m | 675 |
| 1.38 L/h | 30 cm | 174m | 580 |
| 2.0 L/h | 20 cm | 93m | 465 |
| 2.0 L/h | 30 cm | 120m | 400 |
22mm daim kab xev (kwv yees ID: 21.4mm):
| Emitter Flow | Sib nrug | Max khiav Length | No. ntawm Emitters |
| 0.8 L/h | 20 cm | 468m | 2340 |
| 0.8 L/h | 30 cm | 603m | 2010 |
| 1.38 L/h | 20 cm | 249m | 1245 |
| 1.38 L/h | 30 cm | 321m | 1070 |
| 2.0 L/h | 20 cm | 171m | 855 |
| 2.0 L/h | 30 cm | 220m | 733 |
Kev txheeb xyuas:Cov txiaj ntsig no zoo ib yam nrog cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam- luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntev tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv sib piv. Piv txwv li, Dripmax Silver Drip Daim Kab Xev (16mm, 0.4 L / h, 30cm spacing) teev 371m ntawm 10% kev hloov pauv thiab 1.0 bar inlet. Peb tus nqi suav rau tus nqi qis dua (0.8 L / h vs . 0.4 L / h) ntawm tib txoj kab uas hla yog luv dua, uas xav tau txij li tus nqi ntws ntau dua rau ib qho emitter nrog qhov sib nrug ze dua tsim kev sib txhuam ntau dua.
Nco tseg:Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig xav tias qhov chaw tiaj tus. Saib tshooj tom ntej rau kev kho txoj kab nqes.
Ⅴ. Txoj kab nqes cuam tshuam li cas rau Drip Tape Pressure?
Kev hloov pauv nce ntxiv rau lossis rho tawm los ntawm qhov muaj siab ntawm txhua qhov taw tes ntawm sab:ΔH_elevation=± Δz
qhov twg Δz yog qhov kev hloov hauv qhov siab (zoo rau kev nce toj, tsis zoo rau kev nce toj). Lub siab hloov hauv MPa ib 10m ntawm qhov siab hloov pauv yog:ΔP=0.098 MPa rau 10m qhov siab
Los yog sib npaug:1m qhov siab=0.0098 MPa=0.1 bar ≈ 1.42 PSI
Tswv yim cuam tshuam rau khiav Length
| nqes hav | Siab Hloov ib 100m Ntev | Cov nyhuv ntawm Max Run Length |
| Nce toj 0.5% | -0.0049 MPa | Txo qhov ntev max los ntawm ~ 15-20% |
| Nce toj 1% | -0.0098 MPa | Txo qhov ntev max los ntawm ~ 30-40% |
| Pav ca | 0 | Siv xam qhov ntev max |
| Kev poob qis 0.5% | +0.0049 MPa | Nce max ntev li ntawm ~ 15-20% |
| Downhill 1% | +0.0098 MPa | Nce max ntev li ntawm ~ 30-40% |
Ua Haujlwm Piv txwv 3: Yuav ua li cas rau qhov siab ntawm 1% nqes hav?
Muab:16 hli daim kab xev, 1.38 L / h emitters, 30cm nrug, 150m sab, 0.1 MPa inlet
| Qhov xwm txheej | Kev sib txhuam poob | Kev hloov siab | Net Siab Hloov | Tail Siab | Txiav txim |
| Pav ca | 0.050 MPa | 0 | -0.050 MPa | 0.050 MPa | Thaum txwv |
| Nce toj 1% | 0.050 MPa | +0.015 MPa | -0.065 MPa | 0.035 MPa | Ua tsis tiav |
| Downhill 1% | 0.050 MPa | -0.015 MPa | -0.035 MPa | 0.065 MPa | Hla nrog margin |
Ntawm 1% txoj kab nqes nce toj, tib qhov 150m lateral drops mus rau 0.035 MPa ntawm tus Tsov tus tw - zoo hauv qab 0.05 MPa yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Koj yuav tsum tau ua kom luv rau sab nraud kom txog li 100m lossis hloov mus rau 22mm daim kab xev.
Ntawm 1% nqes hav nqes hav, qhov nce nce ib feem cuam tshuam kev sib txhuam poob, thiab tus Tsov tus tw siab yog qhov xis 0.065 MPa. Koj tuaj yeem ncua qhov lateral mus rau kwv yees li 200m ua ntej ntaus lub siab txwv.
FAQ: 5 Feem ntau yuam kev hauv Drip Tape Hydraulic Tsim
Yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ntseeg tus Nominal Flow Rate ntawm Spec Sheet
+
-
Qhov ntsuas ntws ntawm cov khoom spec daim ntawv siv tau raws nraim ib lub siab. A 1.38 L / h emitter ntawm 10m lub taub hau xa tsuas yog 1.07 L / h ntawm 6m taub hau. Yog tias koj tus qauv tsim xav tias 1.38 L / h txhua qhov chaw, koj yuav overestimate dej xa mus txog 22% ntawm tus Tsov tus tw kawg.
Kho:Nco ntsoov xam qhov tseeb ntws ntawm tus Tsov tus tw- kawg siab siv q=k × H^x.
Yuav ua li cas thaum koj hla Christiansen F-Qhov tseem ceeb
+
-
Ib qho 150m lateral nrog 500 emitters muaj kev sib txhuam poob uas tsuas yog 35% ntawm qhov koj xav suav suav tias yog tag nrho ntws raws tag nrho ntev. Omitting F-factor overestimates kev sib txhuam poob los ntawm ~ 3 ×, uas tej zaum yuav ua rau koj mus rau oversize kav tsis tsim nyog - los yog phem dua, muab rau koj ib tug tsis ntseeg ntawm kev ntseeg siab vim koj xav tias qhov poob yog loj thiab koj "sau rau nws."
Kho:Thov F=0.35 rau ib sab nrog ntau tshaj 20 emitters.
Yog vim li cas tus qauv Blasius Coefficient (a=0.3164) Tsis yog rau Drip Daim kab xev
+
-
Nyias-cov ntaub thaiv phab ntsa nrog cov kab nrib txuas txuas ntxiv lossis cov emitters tiaj tus muaj kev sib txhuam ntau dua li cov yeeb nkab du du. Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm qhia tau hais tias ib qho=0.3225–0.3442 rau nyias- cov kab xev nplaum nrog cov labyrinths tas mus li [1]. Siv 0.3164 underestimates kev sib txhuam poob los ntawm 2-8%.
Kho:Siv=0.33 rau tiaj tus- emitter drip daim kab xev thaum tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv xeem tshwj xeeb.
Vim Li Cas Friction Loss Ib Leeg Tsis Qhia Tag Nrho Dab Neeg
+
-
Kev sib txhuam tsuas yog ib feem ntawm kev hloov siab ntawm ib sab. Qhov siab tuaj yeem ntxiv lossis rho tawm ntau npaum li. Nyob rau toj roob hauv pes, tsis quav ntsej qhov siab tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab lossis dej nyab ntawm cov ntsiab lus qis.
Kho:Tag nrho lub siab hloov=kev sib txhuam poob ± nce siab hloov. Ib txwm suav nrog ob qho tib si.
Vim li cas C=150 Yog Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws rau Daim Kab Xev
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-
C=150 yog tsim nyog rau tshiab, du PVC mains. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov kab xev drip laterals, uas muaj cov emitters sab hauv thiab (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nyias -walled daim kab xev) hla - seem uas deform nyob rau hauv siab. Siv C=150 underestimates kev sib txhuam poob los ntawm 10–15% piv rau Darcy-Weisbach nrog kho Blasius coefficients.
Kho:Siv C=130 rau kev saib xyuas H-W kwv yees, lossis zoo dua, siv Darcy-Weisbach.
Ceev Reference: Ntsiab Formulas Summary
| Yam Koj Xav Tau | Formula | Key Parameters |
| Emitter ntws ntawm txhua qhov siab | q = k × H^x | k los ntawm nominal specs; x ≈ 0.5 rau turbulent emitters |
| Kev sib txhuam poob (Darcy-Weisbach) | hf=f × (L/D) × (v²/2g) × F | f=a/Re^0.25; ib ≈ 0.33; F ≈ 0.35 |
| Kev sib txhuam poob (Hazen-Williams) | hf=10.67 × L × Q^1.852 / (C^1.852 × D^4.87) | C=130–140 rau drip daim kab xev |
| Qhov siab hloov pauv | ΔP=± 0.0098 MPa rau 1m qhov siab | + nce toj, - downhill |
| Tso cai kev sib txhuam rau 10% flow variation | hf_allowable ≈ 0.20 × H_inlet | Xav tias x ≈ 0.5 |
Cov ntaub ntawv
1. Reti, C. et al. "Lub taub hau poob hauv nyias-Walled Drip Tapes nrog Nruam Labyrinth."Dej(MDPI), 2019. PMC6925943
2. "内镶贴片式滴头流道结构参数对水力性能影响的试验研究." 节水灌溉, 2023. Link
3. Zazueta, FS "Hydraulic Considerations for Citrus Microirrigation Systems." UF/IFAS Extension, Publication CH156. Txuas
4.Dripmax Silver Drip Tape Technical Data. Txuas
5.Rivulis T- Daim kab xev Drip Daim kab xev khoom npe & Flow xam. Txuas
6.Bagarello, V. et al. "Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Flow Resistance nyob rau hauv me me-Txoj kab uas hla yas."Phau ntawv Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1997.